That afternoon, President Ashraf Ghani fled the capital city by helicopter to neighboring Uzbekistan. T he Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ended on 15 August 2021. After twenty years, Afghans were unwilling to fight for a distant government that did not treat them with dignity. Flooded with vast amounts of foreign aid, the post-2001 system fostered corruption. Instead of offering citizens an opportunity to oversee their government in a meaningful way, Kabul-centric institutions-holdovers from the country’s authoritarian past-undermined citizen trust in government. ![]() This article traces the state’s collapse to the highly centralized political institutions imposed after the 2001 U.S. Conventional wisdom suggests that the Afghan republic fell because societal values were incompatible with democracy and the country was simply ungovernable.
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